„Chronicles of Terror”. Base of testimonies of the Witold Pilecki Institute of Solidarity and Valor

Main Page Search phrase: [Perpetrators = Kolaboracja]

Witness (date and place of birth)
- Kruk Józef; 01.01.1916, Serbinów (3)
  
  Dziopek Jan; 27.10.1889, Borek Stary (2)
  
  Głowa Stanisław; 15.09.1898, Igołomia (2)
  
  Hołuj Tadeusz; 23.11.1916, Kraków (2)
  
  Kahl Tadeusz; 27.07.1908, Kraków (2)
  
  Kruk Jan; 09.03.1904, Serbinów (2)
  
  Lilienstern Stefania; 11.11.1884, Glinojeck (2)
  
  Pozimski Jerzy; 05.05.1913, Szarlej (Piekary Śląskie) (2)
  
  Pozimski Jerzy; 05.05.1915, Piekary Śląskie (2)
  
  Stapf Adam; 01.08.1907, Tarnów (2)
  
  Adwent Stefan; 1925? (1)
  
  Amanowicz Kazimierz; 1922? (1)
  
  Apostoł Jadwiga; 22.12.1913, Nowy Targ (małopolskie voivodeship) (1)
  
  Banach Stanisława; 15.02.1915, Miniów (1)
  
  Barczykowski Jan 1914 (1)
  
  Barczykowski Jan; 1914 (1)
  
  Bartosiewicz Henryk; 1909? (1)
  
  Bartosik Józef; 26.02.1902, Mniów (1)
  
  Bartosińska Stanisława; 1905?, Rogowice (1)
  
  Bator Franciszek (1)
  
  Bałaszkiewicz Józefa; 18.03.1916, Żarnów (Opoczno county) (1)
  
  Bałut Tadeusz; 14.08.1921, Żywiec (1)
  
  Belica Marianna; 1926? (1)
  
  Bielicz Józef; 1903?, Małogoszcz (1)
  
  Bielska (Mojejko) Jadwiga; 22.07.1922, Warsaw (1)
  
  Biłyk Stefan (1)
  
  Borkowski Bolesław; 1890? (1)
  
  Bożym Marianna; 18.01.1890, Łajski (1)
  
  Brandhuber Jerzy; 23.10.1897, Kraków (1)
  
  Bronicki Florian; 1907, Inowrocław (1)
  
  Bryński Antoni; 18.01.1899, Radom (1)
  
  Brzeziński Roman; 16.07.1916 (1)
  
  Bujalski Zenon Paweł; 15.01.1912, Krukówek (1)
  
  Bąbińska (Dobrowolska-Jasiuk) Bogumiła; 1915 (1)
  
  Bączkowski (1)
  
  Bąk Antonina; 1902?, Puławy (lubelskie voivodeship) (1)
  
  Błaszczuk Stanisław; 07.10.1910, Rożdżałów (1)
  
  Błotnicki Edward; 08.04.1888, Lwów (now in Ukraine) (1)
  
  Błotnicki Edward; 08.04.1888, Lwów (now: Ukraine) (1)
  
  Celiński Czesław; 15.11.1900 (1)
  
  Ceregra Kazimierz (1)
  
  Chamczyk Józefa; 1899? (1)
  
  Chlewicki Jan; 18.11.1891, Nowa Huta (świętokrzyskie voivodeship) (1)
  
  Chodoff Bernard; 1891 (1)
  
  Chojnacki Tadeusz; 08.07.1918, Grzegorzowice (świętokrzyskie voivodeship) (1)
  
  Cichowski Julian; 1900? (1)
  
  Ciecierska Jadwiga; 1907? (1)
  
  Cybański Adam; 1907? (1)
  
  Czajkowski Kazimierz; 1902? (1)
  
  Czapiński Marian (1)
  
  Czapiński Marian; 1901? (1)
  
  Czerw Aniela; 1914, Krzyżanowice Dolne (1)
  
  Czyż (Wilgat) Krystyna; 11.10.1923, Lublin (1)
  
  Czyż Henryk (1)
  
  Czyżewska Anna (1)
  
  Damięcki Dobiesław; 02.04.1899, Karniewek (1)
  
  Daszkiewicz Cyryl; 1899 (1)
  
  Dec Janina; 1903? (1)
  
  Dobroczek Wacław; 1919? (1)
  
  Dobrowolski Albert; 1900? (1)
  
  Domeradzka Michalina; 30.09.1926 (1)
  
  Drabek Jaroslav; 06.04.1901, Chrudim (Czech Republic) (1)
  
  Dubiago Arkadiusz (1)
  
  Dupak Franciszek; 28.02.1927, Michniów (1)
  
  Dziuba Wacław; 20.03.1923, Dębno (Nowa Słupia district) (1)
  
  Fajdek Władysława; 1906? (1)
  
  Fejkiel Władysław; 01.01.1911, Krościenko (1)
  
  Ferens Bolesław; 1894? (1)
  
  Filip Grzegorz; 1911? (1)
  
  Filip Jakub (1)
  
  Filus Daniela; 1913? (1)
  
  Flasza Józef; 13.01.1900, Tarnów (1)
  
  Fronenberg Moszek; 04.04.1921, Puławy (1)
  
  Fronkiewicz Janina (1)
  
  Gaczyński Zygmunt; 1901 (1)
  
  Gajewski Franciszek; 24.09.1920, Nowa Słupia (1)
  
  Galas Stanisław; 1883? (1)
  
  Garguliński Stanisław; 1911? (1)
  
  Garwin vel Garfinkiel Mieczysław; 11.05.1898, Zamość (1)
  
  Gałek Alojzy Józef; 1903? (1)
  
  Giecold Bolesław; 1910? (1)
  
  Glibowska Maria; 1909? (1)
  
  Gońciasz Franciszek; 1903?, Piekoszów (1)
  
  Grabowski Janusz; 1919? (1)
  
  Graczyk Władysław; 09.04.1923 (1)
  
  Grot Józef; 11.01.1897 (1)
  
  Gryz Stefan; 1927? (1)
  
  Górski Stanisław; 1903 (1)
  
  Góźdź Jan; 11.04.1925, Dębno (Nowa Słupia district) (1)
  
  Głowacki Czesław; 20.07.1918 (1)
  
  Głowiak Stanisław; 10.02.1903, Podzwierzyniec (now in Ukraine) (1)
  
  Głuch Henryk; 12.07.1896, Jaworzno (1)
  
  Hajduk Wiktor; 1924? (1)
  
  Halbreich Eugenia; 20.09.1919, Kraków (1)
  
  Hartman Stefan; 1913? (1)
  
  Hołuj Tadeusz; 13.11.1916, Kraków (1)
  
  Hryniuk Antoni; 1911? (1)
  
  Hulisz Wiktor; 1915? (1)
  
  Hys Stanisław; 19.07.1910, Sobolew (mazowieckie voivodeship) (1)
  
  Imiela Henryk Marian Wacław; 26.08.1922, Popielewo (now in Belarus) (1)
Subject
- The Kielce region – the pacification of townships and rural areas (81)
  
  The Radom region – the pacification of townships and rural areas (27)
  
  The epilogue to September 1939 – Polish soldiers in Soviet captivity (25)
  
  Auschwitz-Birkenau – the German death factory (24)
  
  Auschwitz-Birkenau - extermination camp (13)
  
  In the inhuman land – enslavement, starvation, disease (11)
  
  Mass extermination – KL Ravensbrück (10)
  
  Resistance, documentation, solidarity – the underground activity at Auschwitz-Birkenau (10)
  
  Across the Baltic States – the fates of the internees (8)
  
  Pawiak, Szucha, Gęsiówka – Warsaw death blocks (8)
  
  The city condemned to death (8)
  
  The first at Auschwitz – transport from Tarnów (6)
  
  The Gulag Archipelago – Komi Republic (5)
  
  In exile – Arkhangelsk Oblast (4)
  
  Stadion Leśny, Słowik, Herby – execution sites in Kielce (4)
  
  Their lives forfeit – the underground movement in the Świętokrzyskie region (4)
  
  To freedom – escapes from Auschwitz-Birkenau (4)
  
  Deadly medicine – Auschwitz-Birkenau (3)
  
  In exile – Central Asia (3)
  
  In exile – Ural (3)
  
  In exile – Vologda Oblast (3)
  
  Intelligentsia at gunpoint – terror against the Polish elite (3)
  
  Kielce - everyday terror (3)
  
  Politics of the master race – institutions, economy, culture (3)
  
  The Gulag Archipelago – Arkhangelsk Oblast (3)
  
  A race against time – the road to Anders' Army (2)
  
  Forced laborers in the Third Reich (2)
  
  Forced laborers in the Third Reich – the Ostrów region (2)
  
  In exile – Komi Republic (2)
  
  In exile – Siberia (2)
  
  Majdanek – terror and extermination (2)
  
  Michniów – the annihilation of Polish villages (2)
  
  Street executions in Warsaw (2)
  
  The Gulag Archipelago – Central Asia (2)
  
  The Gulag Archipelago – Far East (2)
  
  Warsaw '44 – pacification of Mokotów (2)
  
  Warsaw death ring – mass executions (2)
  
  Executions in Mazovia (1)
  
  Forced laborers in the Third Reich – the Kielce region (1)
  
  Forced laborers in the Third Reich – the Radom region (1)
  
  Humiliation, starvation, and death – the Zamość Ghetto (1)
  
  In exile – Far East (1)
  
  In exile – Kirov Oblast (1)
  
  Kujawy region - the pacification of townships and rural areas (1)
  
  Mass extermination - KL Neuengamme (1)
  
  Mass extermination – KL Sachsenhausen (1)
  
  Poles saving Jews – Warsaw (1)
  
  Poles saving Jews – the Lublin region (1)
  
  Pomiechówek Fort – the Mazovian torture complex (1)
  
  Radom bathed in blood – the prison in the former convent buildings (1)
  
  Radom – daily terror (1)
  
  Selection – ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau (1)
  
  Sonderkommando at Auschwitz-Birkenau – witnesses to Annihilation (1)
  
  Soviet prisoners at Auschwitz-Birkenau (1)
  
  The Gulag Archipelago – Kirov Oblast (1)
  
  The Gulag Archipelago – Povolzhye (Volga Region) (1)
  
  The Gulag Archipelago – Ryazan Oblast (1)
  
  The Gulag Archipelago – Siberia (1)
  
  The Gulag Archipelago – Sverdlovsk Oblast (1)
  
  The Gulag Archipelago – Tambov Oblast (1)
  
  The Gulag Archipelago – Tver Oblast (1)
  
  Warsaw Ghetto – hell in the center of the city (1)
  
  Wola '44 – genocide in Warsaw (1)
Event Date
- Start date: End date:
Location
- KL Auschwitz I (49)
  
  KL Auschwitz II (Birkenau) (48)
  
  Auschwitz-Birkenau, German extermination camp (40)
  
  German extermination camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau (40)
  
  KL Auschwitz I, Block 11 and Death Wall (40)
  
  KL Auschwitz-Birkenau (34)
  
  KL Auschwitz II (Birkenau), gas chambers and crematoriums II, III, IV, V (25)
  
  Opatów, Słowackiego Street 1 (22)
  
  Opatów, Cememtery, Cmentarna Street (19)
  
  KL Ravensbrück (Germany) (18)
  
  Totskoye (Russia, Orenburg Oblast) (18)
  
  KL Auschwitz I, Block 10 (17)
  
  KL Auschwitz I, gas chamber and crematorium I (17)
  
  KL Auschwitz III (Monowitz) (17)
  
  KL Gross-Rosen (16)
  
  KL Auschwitz I, roll call square (14)
  
  Radom, train station, Podjazdowa Street (Beliny-Prażmowskiego Street 2) (14)
  
  Starobilsk (Ukraine), NKVD POW camp (14)
  
  KL Mauthausen-Gusen (Austria) (12)
  
  KL Sachsenhausen (Germany, Oranienburg) (12)
  
  Serbinów (12)
  
  KL Auschwitz II (Birkenau), "Canada" (10)
  
  KL Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bauhof (10)
  
  KL Dachau (Germany) (10)
  
  KL Majdanek (10)
  
  Odrowąż (Końskie district) (10)
  
  Podsuliszka (Radom District) (10)
  
  Podsuliszka, Pakosławski Forest (10)
  
  Buzuluk (Russia, Orenburg Oblast) (9)
  
  Bydgoszcz (9)
  
  KL Auschwitz II (Birkenau), "Little White House” (9)
  
  KL Auschwitz-Birkenau, Ramp I (9)
  
  Kraków, Montelupich Prison, Montelupich Street 7 (9)
  
  Pogłodów (Mniów) (9)
  
  Raisko (Rajsko), agricultural labor camp (subcamp of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau) (9)
  
  Tarnów (małopolskie voivodeship), penal institution, Konarskiego Street 2 (9)
  
  Guzar (Uzbekistan) (8)
  
  KL Flossenbürg (Germany) (8)
  
  Kozelsk (Russia, Kaluga Oblast), NKVD POW camp (Optina Pustyn) (8)
  
  Mniów (8)
  
  Rajsko, agricultural labor camp (subcamp of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau) (8)
  
  KL Auschwitz II (Birkenau), Familienlager Theresienstadt (7)
  
  KL Auschwitz II (Birkenau), Sauna (7)
  
  KL Buchenwald (Germany) (7)
  
  Kotlas (Russia, Arkhangelsk Oblast) (7)
  
  Lublin, Gestapo detention center, Uniwersytecka Street 1 (7)
  
  Lugovoy (Kazakhstan) (7)
  
  Raszówka (Mniów) (7)
  
  Kielce, the Prison on Castle Hill, Zamkowa Street 3 (6)
  
  Kowel (now in Ukraine) (6)
  
  Lwów (now in Ukraine) (6)
  
  Modrzejowice, an estate (6)
  
  Pavlishchev Bor (Russia, Smolensk Oblast), Yukhnovo R-43 camp (6)
  
  Pruszków, Dulag 121 (6)
  
  Radom, prison (Benedictine convent), Malczewskiego Street 1 (6)
  
  Tarnopol (now in Ukraine) (6)
  
  Ukhta (Russia, Komi Republic) (6)
  
  Warsaw (6)
  
  Warsaw, Ghetto, Nowolipki Street 29 (6)
  
  Warsaw, Pawiak prison, Dzielna Street 24/26 (6)
  
  Bochnia, train station (5)
  
  Dębno (commune of Nowa Słupia), Cemetery (5)
  
  Gryazovets (Russia, Vologda Oblast), NKVD POW camp no 150 (5)
  
  Jawiszowice, industrial labor camp (subcamp of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau) (5)
  
  KL Auschwitz-Birkenau, Ramp II (5)
  
  KL Bergen-Belsen (Germany) (5)
  
  KL Kaiserwald (Latvia) (5)
  
  Karolin (Zwoleń district) (5)
  
  Kraków, Gestapo headquarters, Pomorska Street 2 (5)
  
  Lublin, Lublin Castle, Zamkowa Street 9 (5)
  
  Radom, Gestapo Headquarters, Kościuszki Street 6 (5)
  
  Radom, Gestapo headquarters, Kościuszki Street 6 (5)
  
  Talitsa (Russia, Ivanovskaya Oblast), NKVD camp for POWs (5)
  
  Berezwecz (Głębokie, now in Belarus), NKVD prison (Basilian monastery), Sovetskaya Street 201 (4)
  
  Dubno (now in Ukraine), POW forced labor camp (4)
  
  Garbatka (Garbatka-Letnisko) (4)
  
  Hoszcza (now in Ukraine), POW forced labor camp (4)
  
  Jeziorko (Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship) (4)
  
  KL Auschwitz II (Birkenau), Zigeunerfamilienlager (4)
  
  KL Auschwitz-Birkenau, SS-Stabsgebaude (4)
  
  KL Neustadt-Glewe (Germany) (4)
  
  Kamianets-Podilskyi (Ukraine), transit camp (4)
  
  Kharkiv (Ukraine) (4)
  
  Kielce, Gestapo Station, Seminaryjska Street 12 (4)
  
  Kiev (Ukraine) (4)
  
  Kozelschyna (Ukraine, Poltava Oblast), transit camp (4)
  
  Kraków (4)
  
  Minsk (Belarus) (4)
  
  Nowa Słupia (4)
  
  Opatów, Agricultural and Trading Cooperative, Ćmielowska Street (4)
  
  Podchyby (4)
  
  Rajsko, Waffen-SS and Police Institute of Hygiene (subcamp of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau) (4)
  
  Shepetivka (Ukraine), transit camp (4)
  
  Stanisławów (Ivano-Frankivsk, now in Ukraine) (4)
  
  Tashkent (Uzbekistan) (4)
  
  Warsaw, Gestapo detention center, aleja Szucha 25 (4)
  
  Wyłkowyszki (Lithuania), internment camp (4)
  
  Włostów (Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship) (4)
  
  Włostów (świętokrzyskie voivodeship) (4)
  
  Zdołbunów (now in Ukraine) (4)
Victims
- The Poles (304)
  
  The Civilian Population (259)
  
  Women (145)
  
  The Jews (109)
  
  The Inteligentsia (97)
  
  Children (74)
  
  Prisoners of War (71)
  
  The Sick (60)
  
  The Russians (45)
  
  The Elderly (43)
  
  Ukrainians (34)
  
  The Church (26)
  
  Deportees (22)
  
  Public servants/Civil servants (20)
  
  Belarusians (18)
  
  Germans (18)
  
  Czechs (17)
  
  Policemen (17)
  
  Hungarians (15)
  
  The Disabled (15)
  
  Families of "enemies of the people" (13)
  
  The French (13)
  
  Slovaks (12)
  
  The Communists (10)
  
  The Dutch (9)
  
  The Roma and Sinti (9)
  
  Border Guard (8)
  
  Foresters/Forestry workers (8)
  
  Internees (7)
  
  Belgians (6)
  
  Greeks (6)
  
  Border Protection Corps (5)
  
  Landowners (5)
  
  Italians (4)
  
  Military settlers/Civilian settlers (4)
  
  Veterans of the Polish-Soviet War of 1920 (4)
  
  Americans (3)
  
  Members of Polish pre-war organizations (3)
  
  Norwegians (3)
  
  Romanians (2)
  
  The British (2)
  
  Latvians (1)
  
  Prison Guard (1)
Perpetrators
- Collaboration (307)
  
  The Secret Police of Nazi Germany (Geheime Staatspolizei, the Gestapo) (97)
  
  SS (93)
  
  Military Police (84)
  
  People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del, NKVD) (51)
  
  Criminal Police (Kriminalpolizei, Kripo) (34)
  
  Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, SD) (32)
  
  The Volksdeutsche/The Volksliste (27)
  
  Denunciation (22)
  
  Red Army (15)
  
  The "Kalmyks"/ The "Cossacs"/ The "Russians"/ The "Ukrainians" (14)
  
  The Wehrmacht, the Unified Armed Forces of Nazi Germany (13)
  
  Blackmailers, the so called szmalcowniks (7)
  
  Soviet Militia (7)
  
  German Air Force (Luftwaffe) (3)
  
  The Ukrainian Auxiliary Police (Ukrainische Hilfspolizei) (3)
  
  Military Tribunal of the NKVD (2)
  
  The National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP) (2)
  
  The State Protection Police (Schutzpolizei, Schupo) (2)
  
  NKVD Chief Directorate of Railways (NKVD train guards) (1)
  
  Postal Protection (1)
  
  Railroad Police (Bahnschutzpolizei) (1)
  
  SS-Totenkopfverbände (1)
  
  Special Services (Sonderdienst) (1)
  
  The Russian Liberation Army (the Vlasov Army) (1)
  
  Waffen-SS (1)
Crimes
- Arrest (197)
  
  Execution (193)
  
  Shooting (166)
  
  Forced Labour (164)
  
  Beatings (145)
  
  Brutal Interrogation/Tortures (133)
  
  Biological extermination (126)
  
  Robbery (73)
  
  Deportation (70)
  
  Deportation/Exile (58)
  
  Cattle wagons (49)
  
  Cremation (46)
  
  Gas chambers (44)
  
  Economic exploitation (38)
  
  Mass graves (35)
  
  Robbery and damage to cultural goods/Damage to property (33)
  
  Judicial crime (30)
  
  Round-up (30)
  
  Hanging (28)
  
  Punishment cell (28)
  
  Burning people alive (27)
  
  Medical experiments (26)
  
  Administrative persecution (22)
  
  "Dosing" (20)
  
  Disarmament (15)
  
  Racial policy (15)
  
  The hate campaigns/propaganda (14)
  
  Death marches (12)
  
  Desacration of corpses (11)
  
  Expulsion (11)
  
  Armoured Weapon (8)
  
  Roads of death (8)
  
  The liquidation of ghetto (7)
  
  Air raids (6)
  
  Rape (5)
  
  Germanization (4)
  
  Artillery fire (2)
  
  Forced voting (2)
  
  Collectivization (1)
  
  Forced service in the Red Army (1)
  
  Forcing acceptance of Soviet citizenship (1)
  
  Sovietization (1)
Place
- Concentration camp (109)
  
  Prison (106)
  
  Police headquarters/station (54)
  
  Extermination camp (44)
  
  (Soviet) forced-labor camp (29)
  
  NKVD camp for POWs (28)
  
  Forced labor camps for POWs (23)
  
  Labor camp (23)
  
  Transit camp (19)
  
  Spetsposelok (special settlement) (16)
  
  Internment camp (10)
  
  Forced labor (9)
  
  Kolkhoz (9)
  
  Ghetto (8)
  
  Mine (7)
  
  POW camp (Stalag, Oflag) (3)
  
  Sovkhoz (3)
  
  NKVD custody suite (2)
  
  Orphanage – dietdom (2)
  
  Sewers (1)
  
  Siberia (1)
Content
- Underground Activity/Diversionism and Sabotage (129)
  
  Extermination of Jews (70)
  
  Health service (70)
  
  Pacification of rural areas (66)
  
  Anders' Army (61)
  
  Blue police (Polnische Polizei im Generalgouvernement) (39)
  
  Amnesty (27)
  
  Polish culture in exile (25)
  
  obliterating the traces (24)
  
  Communist propaganda (23)
  
  September Campaign/1939 Defensive War (23)
  
  Sikorski–Mayski Agreement (21)
  
  Underground courts (20)
  
  Union for Armed Struggle – Home Army (ZWZ-AK) (20)
  
  First deportation (16)
  
  Warsaw Uprising (16)
  
  Civil resistance (15)
  
  Epidemics (15)
  
  Underground media (12)
  
  Government of the Republic of Poland in exile (11)
  
  Hindering reaching Anders' Army (11)
  
  Polish Underground State (10)
  
  Sonderaktion „Ungarn“ (10)
  
  Aktion Zamość (7)
  
  AB Action (Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion) (6)
  
  Farmers' Battalions (Bataliony Chłopskie) (6)
  
  Rescue of Jews (6)
  
  Collectivization of Polish agriculture (4)
  
  Second deportation (3)
  
  Underground culture and education (3)
  
  Central Welfare Council (2)
  
  Fourth deportation (2)
  
  Jewish Police Service (Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst) (2)
  
  Judenrat (2)
  
  Third deportation (2)
  
  Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (2)
  
  Clandestine courses (1)
  
  Intelligentsia Action (Intelligenzaktion) (1)
  
  Military hospital (1)
  
  Obliterating the traces (1)
  
  Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists/Ukrainian Insurgent Army (OUN/UPA) (1)
  
  Sonderaktion Krakau (1)
  
  Women's Auxiliary Service (WAS) (1)
  
  the People's Army (Armia Ludowa, AL) (1)
Object type
- Testimony (218)
  
  Account (21)
  
  Brief (3)
  
  Report (3)
  
  Press clipping (1)
Object Creation Date
- Start date: End date:
File creator ^?
- District Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Radom (113)
  
  Independent Historical Office of the Command of the Polish Armed Forces in the Soviet Union/Documentation Office of the Polish Army in the East (84)
  
  Supreme National Tribunal (67)
  
  District Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Warsaw (29)
  
  District Court in Radom (19)
  
  Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland (2)
  
  District Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Kraków (1)
  
  Supreme Military Tribunal (1)
  
  Voivodeship Court in Łódź (1)